1月9日,据国外媒体报道,美国科学家最近表示,结构更简单的TNA也具备RNA的某些功能,地球上的生命最初可能由几种遗传物质混合组成。
除一些病毒外,大多数生命利用DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)存储信息,利用RNA(核糖核酸)执行由DNA编码的指令。研究生命起源的科学家们一直认为,RNA既能存储遗传信息又能充当生化酶,使其成为一个可以开启生命的理想分子,因此,RNA是地球上最先出现的遗传物质。而现在,科学家们表示,TNA似乎也一样能干——尽管人们迄今还没有在自然界中找到它。
美国亚利桑那州立大学的约翰-恰普特和同事已经制造出一个TNA分子,它能折叠成三维形状并夹有一个特殊的蛋白。这些是制造出一个能像RNA一样控制化学反应的TNA酶的关键步骤。他们让TNA的各个组成成分在有一种蛋白参与的情况下进化:三代之后出现了一个TNA,其拥有一个像酶一样复杂的折叠形状,而且能与该蛋白结合。
TNA与RNA、DNA的不同之处在于构成核苷酸的糖链不同,构成TNA的糖链为四碳糖苏糖;而RNA为核糖,DNA为脱氧核糖。TNA具备一个关键的优势:它是比核糖和脱氧核糖更小的分子,因此更容易形成。恰普特认为,这并不意味着TNA是最初的遗传物质,早期地球的化学过程非常凌乱,最可能出现的场景是生命由不同的遗传物质混合而成。
最新研究与诺贝尔化学奖得主、哈佛大学的杰克-苏斯塔克和同事发表于《美国国家科学院院刊》的最新研究一致,苏斯塔克团队制造出了一种一半是DNA、一半是RNA的嵌合核酸,其中的一些核酸能与目标分子相结合。
然而,“混合遗传物质组成世界”这一假设可能也存在疑问。首先,科学家们没有在现代生物体上发现TNA的踪迹。另外,英国剑桥大学医学研究委员会分子生物学实验室的约翰·萨瑟兰表示,尽管TNA比RNA更简单,但我们不能确定在约40亿年前,其更容易被制造出来,因为迄今还没有人真正在生命出现前的地球环境下制造出TNA。
恰普特也指出,对TNA能做什么我们仍然知之甚少,因为让分子在实验室进化的技术非常新,这项研究才刚刚开始。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1107113108
PMC:
PMID:
Evolution of functional nucleic acids in the presence of nonheritable backbone heterogeneity
Simon G. Trevino, Na Zhanga, Mark P. Elenko, Andrej Lupták, and Jack W. Szostak
Multiple lines of evidence support the hypothesis that the early evolution of life was dominated by RNA, which can both transfer information from generation to generation through replication directed by base-pairing, and carry out biochemical activities by folding into functional structures. To understand how life emerged from prebiotic chemistry we must therefore explain the steps that led to the emergence of the RNA world, and in particular, the synthesis of RNA. The generation of pools of highly pure ribonucleotides on the early Earth seems unlikely, but the presence of alternative nucleotides would support the assembly of nucleic acid polymers containing nonheritable backbone heterogeneity. We suggest that homogeneous monomers might not have been necessary if populations of heterogeneous nucleic acid molecules could evolve reproducible function. For such evolution to be possible, function would have to be maintained despite the repeated scrambling of backbone chemistry from generation to generation. We have tested this possibility in a simplified model system, by using a T7 RNA polymerase variant capable of transcribing nucleic acids that contain an approximately 1∶1 mixture of deoxy- and ribonucleotides. We readily isolated nucleotide-binding aptamers by utilizing an in vitro selection process that shuffles the order of deoxy- and ribonucleotides in each round. We describe two such RNA/DNA mosaic nucleic acid aptamers that specifically bind ATP and GTP, respectively. We conclude that nonheritable variations in nucleic acid backbone structure may not have posed an insurmountable barrier to the emergence of functionality in early nucleic acids.