氧化铁染红了Taylor冰川、McMurdo干谷、南极洲,形成了通常被称为血瀑布的特性。
图片来源: Benjamin Urmston
据4月17日的《科学》杂志报道说,在南极的Blood Falls,从Taylor Glacier喷嘴流出的富含铁矿的红色河流非常醒目地染红了白色的冰。 科学家们现在报告说,这一作为Blood Falls源头的冰川下水潭居住着在这里生活了数百万年之久的微生物。它为人们提供了一个微生物系统是如何在没有光合作用或来自外部营养源的情况下可以长时间存活的一个令人震惊的例子。
Jill A. Mikucki及其同僚报告说,这一水潭中含有古老的海水,这些海水是在大约1.5-4百万年前被行进中的冰川给截流在那里的。 该水中缺乏氧气、盐度极高而且充满了铁质。 它还含有硫酸盐,这是微生物的一种常见的能源。但令人感到好奇的是那里的硫化物很少,而如果微生物能够将硫酸盐还原成硫化物的话,人们预计通常会在那里找到硫化物。 根据在硫酸盐中的氧同位素以及来自一种叫做“腺苷酰硫酸还原酶”的遗传学证据,文章的作者得出结论,这些微生物确实会将硫酸盐进行还原,但它们是通过一种偶联的铁-硫代谢来进行的,这种代谢所用的是来自岩床的铁,并使得硫酸盐被还原成一种不同的化合物:亚硫酸盐。
研究人员提出,与此种微生物系统类似的情况可能在所谓的“雪球地球”时期中就已经存在,当时的地球是被冰所覆盖的。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Science 17 April 2009:DOI: 10.1126/science.1167350
A Contemporary Microbially Maintained Subglacial Ferrous "Ocean"
Jill A. Mikucki,1* Ann Pearson,1 David T. Johnston,2 Alexandra V. Turchyn,3 James Farquhar,4 Daniel P. Schrag,1 Ariel D. Anbar,5 John C. Priscu,6 Peter A. Lee7
An active microbial assemblage cycles sulfur in a sulfate-rich, ancient marine brine beneath Taylor Glacier, an outlet glacier of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, with Fe(III) serving as the terminal electron acceptor. Isotopic measurements of sulfate, water, carbonate, and ferrous iron and functional gene analyses of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase imply that a microbial consortium facilitates a catalytic sulfur cycle. These metabolic pathways result from a limited organic carbon supply because of the absence of contemporary photosynthesis, yielding a subglacial ferrous brine that is anoxic but not sulfidic. Coupled biogeochemical processes below the glacier enable subglacial microbes to grow in extended isolation, demonstrating how analogous organic-starved systems, such as Neoproterozoic oceans, accumulated Fe(II) despite the presence of an active sulfur cycle.
1 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
2 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, 02138 USA.
3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK.
4 Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
5 School of Earth and Space Exploration and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
6 Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
7 Hollings Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.