最近由美国UT southwestern medical center组成的科研小组在一项小鼠试验中发现,肠壁上的一种单分子,经肠道菌代谢物激活之后,在控制体重上起着至关重要的作用,直接决定动物的胖瘦。
激活之后的单分子,减缓食物通过肠道的速度,使得动物可以吸收更多营养,从而获得更多体重。但是,如果没有激活信号,动物的体重则会较轻。
此项研究显示,细菌副产物不仅可以作为营养来源,也可以作为调节身体机能的化学信号。研究者说,这也提出了控制体重的一种潜在方法。
“可以通过阻碍肠道内受体分子来控制能量的吸收,进而与某种类型的肥胖作斗争。Masashi Yanagisawa 博士说,他是Ut southwestern 分子遗传学的教授,也是《国家科学学会学报(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)》网上发表的一项研究的高级合著者。
人类,和其他动物一样,肠道内也寄生着大量种类繁多的益生菌。这些细菌分解肠道无法消化的大分子,这样,主体就可以吸收分解后的小分子,进而获取能量和营养。
“我们肠道内细菌的数量远远大于我们体内所有细胞数量的总和。”Yanagisawa 说。“这确实是互利的关系。我们为细菌提供食物,细菌则为我们提供能量和营养。”他解释道。
研究者以小鼠为实验对象,集中研究了两种细菌。这两种细菌把食物纤维分解成所谓的短链脂肪酸。Yanagisawa 博士研究小组之前已经发现短链脂肪酸附着在一种肠壁受体分子上并激活此受体—Gpr41。但是,对于Gpr41激活过程的生理学成果还知之甚少。
研究者用两种方法扰乱了细菌与主体间的交流:使小鼠处于无菌状态,这样,它们就缺乏细菌;通过基因工程使小鼠缺乏Gpr41,这样它们就不能对细菌做出反应。
在这两种情况下,相比正常小鼠,试验小鼠会体重减少,体格变瘦,尽管他们吃的一样多。
研究者还发现,在没有Gpr41的小鼠肠道内,食物通过地更快。他们假设,Gpr41的某种行为可以减缓食物前进,从而更多的营养就会被吸收。这样,如果受体分子没能被激活,食物就会更快的通过肠道并被排出,动物也就只能从中获取很少的营养。
因为完全缺失Gpr41的小鼠仍然是健康的,并且具有胃肠功能,所以受体分子有可能就是减缓,而非阻断能量吸收的药物的目标。Yanagisawa 博士说。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
PNAS October 17, 2008, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0808567105
Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41
Buck S. Samuel, Abdullah Shaito, Toshiyuki Motoike, Federico E. Rey, Fredrik Backhed, Jill K. Manchester, Robert E. Hammer, S. Clay Williams, Jan Crowley, Masashi Yanagisawa, and Jeffrey I. Gordon
The distal human intestine harbors trillions of microbes that allow us to extract calories from otherwise indigestible dietary polysaccharides. The products of polysaccharide fermentation include short-chain fatty acids that are ligands for Gpr41, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed by a subset of enteroendocrine cells in the gut epithelium. To examine the contribution of Gpr41 to energy balance, we compared Gpr41−/− and Gpr41+/+ mice that were either conventionally-raised with a complete gut microbiota or were reared germ-free and then cocolonized as young adults with two prominent members of the human distal gut microbial community: the saccharolytic bacterium, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and the methanogenic archaeon, Methanobrevibacter smithii. Both conventionally-raised and gnotobiotic Gpr41−/− mice colonized with the model fermentative community are significantly leaner and weigh less than their WT (+/+) littermates, despite similar levels of chow consumption. These differences are not evident when germ-free WT and germ-free Gpr41 knockout animals are compared. Functional genomic, biochemical, and physiologic studies of germ-free and cocolonized Gpr41−/− and +/+ littermates disclosed that Gpr41-deficiency is associated with reduced expression of PYY, an enteroendocrine cell-derived hormone that normally inhibits gut motility, increased intestinal transit rate, and reduced harvest of energy (short-chain fatty acids) from the diet. These results reveal that Gpr41 is a regulator of host energy balance through effects that are dependent upon the gut microbiota.