据美国科学促进会网站报道,由美国俄亥俄州立大学的神经科学系与戴维斯心肺研究所合作展开的小鼠实验证实,长期暴露在污染的空气中会引起大脑的物理性变化,降低学习记忆能力,甚至引发抑郁症。该研究成果发表在本周的《分子精神病学》杂志的网站上。
污染空气中含有由汽车、工厂排放的废弃物和自然粉尘组成的细颗粒物。这些细颗粒物非常微小,直径大概只有2.5微米,相当于人类头发平均宽度的三十分之一,能深入到肺和其他器官内部。
戴维斯心肺研究所在此前的小鼠实验中发现,空气中的细颗粒物质能导致身体大范围的炎症,引起高血压、糖尿病和肥胖症,这项新实验将研究范围扩展到了大脑。
研究人员把小鼠分成两组,一组放在过滤的空气中,一组放在污染空气中,每天6个小时,每周5天。污染空气与某些市区的空气污染程度相当。研究持续了10个月,这相当于小鼠生命周期的一半时间。
10个月后,研究人员对小鼠做了多项行为测试。在学习和记忆测试中,小鼠被放置在非常明亮的空间里,被要求在两分钟时间内找到逃生洞。逃生洞连着一个黑盒子,在这里小鼠们比较有安全感。5天的训练时间里,在污染空气中生活的小鼠用了更长的时间才记住逃生洞的位置,在正式的测试中它们也没能准确记住逃生洞的位置。另外一个实验中,它们也表现出有患上抑郁症的症状。
大脑的海马区控制着学习记忆能力和抑郁情绪。研究人员对小鼠海马区做了详细观察,结果显示,暴露在污染空气中的小鼠与另外一组小鼠的海马区有着明显的不同,它们海马区的树突棘偏少,树突更短,细胞复杂性降低,这些会造成学习记忆能力降低;且促炎细胞因子更加活跃,引发身体发炎,导致人类身体健康出现问题,其中包括抑郁症。
论文第一作者、俄亥俄州立大学神经科学博士生劳拉·方肯介绍,之前的研究已经证明空气污染对心肺具有破坏性影响,新研究是针对空气污染的首批长期性研究之一,证实了空气污染也会对大脑产生负面影响,全世界生活和工作在污染城区的人们都面临此种问题。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Molecular Psychiatry doi:10.1038/mp.2011.76
Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology
L K Fonken, X Xu, Z M Weil, G Chen, Q Sun, S Rajagopalan and R J Nelson
Particulate matter air pollution is a pervasive global risk factor implicated in the genesis of pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. Although the effects of prolonged exposure to air pollution are well characterized with respect to pulmonary and cardiovascular function, comparatively little is known about the impact of particulate matter on affective and cognitive processes. The central nervous system may be adversely affected by activation of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory pathways that accompany particulate matter pollution. Thus, we investigated whether long-term exposure to ambient fine airborne particulate matter (<2.5?μm (PM2.5)) affects cognition, affective responses, hippocampal inflammatory cytokines and neuronal morphology. Male mice were exposed to either PM2.5 or filtered air (FA) for 10 months. PM2.5 mice displayed more depressive-like responses and impairments in spatial learning and memory as compared with mice exposed to FA. Hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was elevated among PM2.5 mice. Apical dendritic spine density and dendritic branching were decreased in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, respectively, of PM2.5 mice. Taken together, these data suggest that long-term exposure to particulate air pollution levels typical of exposure in major cities around the globe can alter affective responses and impair cognition.