生物谷报道:为什么我们讨厌某物会紧皱鼻子、遇到危险会大睁双眼?加拿大科学家最新研究表明,这样做可能有助于我们更好地应对生存风险。相关论文6月15日在线发表于《自然—神经学》(Nature Neuroscience)上。
1872年,达尔文在《人和动物的情绪表达》一书中首先提出了面部表情的生存优势概念。他观察了不同文化中人以及一些动物的表情,并将吃惊时大睁双眼作为例子。达尔文推测这些表情具有一定的生物学功能,比如更好地看清敌人。
在最新的研究中,加拿大多伦多大学的认知神经学家Adam Anderson和同事应用了新的技术来解决这一世纪谜题。研究人员用电脑合成了经典的恐惧表情——眉毛上扬、瞠目、鼻孔大张,同时还模拟了厌恶的表情 ——皱眉、翘嘴唇、眯眼,就如闻到臭鸡蛋时那样。接下来研究人员让志愿者在进行视觉和呼吸测试时模仿这些表情。
结果发现,面部表情并不仅仅只是“表情”。恐惧的表情能改善周围视觉(peripheral vision)、加速眼睛的运动及推进空气流动,潜在地能使人更快地感觉到危险并作出反应;而厌恶的表情具有相反的效果,它会限制视觉、减少空气流动,为了防止可能有害的东西伤害眼睛或肺。
Anderson表示,这一发现“相当激进”,因为大多数对表情的研究都集中在它们的通讯功能上,而不是生理学或进化的基础。美国纽约大学的神经学家Elizabeth Phelps说:“没人曾用科学的方式展现这一切。”美国哥伦比亚大学的认知神经学家Kevin Ochsner说:“很明显地,这属于最好的研究,之前从没有人证明过。”(生物谷www.bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Nature Neuroscience,doi:10.1038/nn.2138,Joshua M Susskind,Adam K Anderson
Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition
Joshua M Susskind1, Daniel H Lee1, Andrée Cusi1, Roman Feiman1, Wojtek Grabski1 & Adam K Anderson1,2
Abstract
It has been proposed that facial expression production originates in sensory regulation. Here we demonstrate that facial expressions of fear are configured to enhance sensory acquisition. A statistical model of expression appearance revealed that fear and disgust expressions have opposite shape and surface reflectance features. We hypothesized that this reflects a fundamental antagonism serving to augment versus diminish sensory exposure. In keeping with this hypothesis, when subjects posed expressions of fear, they had a subjectively larger visual field, faster eye movements during target localization and an increase in nasal volume and air velocity during inspiration. The opposite pattern was found for disgust. Fear may therefore work to enhance perception, whereas disgust dampens it. These convergent results provide support for the Darwinian hypothesis that facial expressions are not arbitrary configurations for social communication, but rather, expressions may have originated in altering the sensory interface with the physical world.
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada.
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada.