据英国媒体报道,最近一项新的研究表明,婴儿的智商高低并非完全取决于母乳喂养,而关键在于婴儿体内是否携带一种特殊的基因。
这项研究显示,十个婴儿当中只有一个携带这种基因,这意味着提高婴儿智商并不受母乳喂养影响。但是研究人员指出,母乳喂养对婴儿有其他诸多好处,包括减少感染、患呼吸道疾病和腹泻的几率等。
此外该研究还暗示,未来将可能以婴儿为试验对象,研究母乳喂养的小孩哪方面受益最大。这也将引出对脂肪酸的研究,以促进早期智力的开发。
在智商测试当中,相比非母乳喂养的小孩,母乳喂养的孩子得分较高。因此有研究人员认为,这是母乳中富含脂肪酸的缘故。但是此证据的不充分性却遭到质疑。为了找出真正的原因,伦敦大学国王学院精神病学研究院的Avshalom Caspi教授、特里耶·莫菲特(Terrie Moffitt)与同事们负责了这项研究,并将研究成果发表在《国家科学学术学报》(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)上。
他们将1000名1972年至1973年新西兰出生的小孩和2200名1994年至1995年英国出生的小孩分成两组,并分别进行智商测试。结果发现,基因中存在的一种称之为FADS2(脂肪酸脱饱和酶2)的酶,对智商高低起了重要的作用。
在这两个国家中,母乳喂养的小孩如果体内含有FADS2基因,其测试分数平均为6至7分。莫菲特教授表示,“我们的研究结果显示,基因可能通过生活环境影响智力的开发。其他国家的研究小组也将进行类似的测试。”
英国布里斯托尔大学的Jean Golding 教授对此评论道,“一直以来,大量的研究都出示母乳喂养和小孩智商高低有积极的联系。但有许多人也怀疑,无论婴儿是母乳喂养还是非母乳喂养,其智商并没有太大的差别。而某些客观因素和社会因素都将影响智力的开发。因此这项研究理论第一次提出来,如果婴儿体内含有一种特殊的酶,其母乳喂养才会有利于智力开发。这是令人兴奋的。”(搜狐科学 雅龙)
原始出处:
Published online before print November 5, 2007
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0704292104
Moderation of breastfeeding effects on the IQ by genetic variation in fatty acid metabolism
Avshalom Caspi*,,, Benjamin Williams*, Julia Kim-Cohen, Ian W. Craig*, Barry J. Milne*, Richie Poulton¶, Leonard C. Schalkwyk*, Alan Taylor*, Helen Werts*, and Terrie E. Moffitt*,
*Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, England; Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and ¶Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
Edited by William T. Greenough, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, and approved October 9, 2007 (received for review May 14, 2007)
Abstract
Children's intellectual development is influenced by both genetic inheritance and environmental experiences. Breastfeeding is one of the earliest such postnatal experiences. Breastfed children attain higher IQ scores than children not fed breast milk, presumably because of the fatty acids uniquely available in breast milk. Here we show that the association between breastfeeding and IQ is moderated by a genetic variant in FADS2, a gene involved in the genetic control of fatty acid pathways. We confirmed this gene–environment interaction in two birth cohorts, and we ruled out alternative explanations of the finding involving gene–exposure correlation, intrauterine growth, social class, and maternal cognitive ability, as well as maternal genotype effects on breastfeeding and breast milk. The finding shows that environmental exposures can be used to uncover novel candidate genes in complex phenotypes. It also shows that genes may work via the environment to shape the IQ, helping to close the nature versus nurture debate.
cognitive development | gene environment interaction