树皮蝎已知会造成动物界最疼痛的蜇伤,而沙居食蝗小鼠对此却丝毫不知。
据研究人员披露,这些食蝗小鼠已经演化出了一种针对该蝎子毒液的独特抵抗力,使得它们能够大啖该蛛形纲动物而不会感觉到被蜇痛。这种类型的演化是罕见的,因为疼痛信号一般来说在警示动物组织损伤或其它健康问题中扮演着如此重要的角色。(这就是为什么如此少的捕食动物会费力演化出针对它们的猎物所用的致痛性防御毒液的抵抗力。)
Ashlee Rowe及其同事对树皮蝎毒液对食蝗小鼠及普通的家鼠的作用进行了研究。他们发现,这些特别的毒素会抑制食蝗小鼠的感觉神经元进行放电,而其在家鼠中则会强烈地激活其感觉神经元的放电。Rowe及其他的研究人员设置了一系列的实验来探索该蝎子毒素是如何影响2种知名的哺乳动物的疼痛受体的——它们是被称作Na1.7 和NaV1.8的电压门控钠通道。
它们发现,该蝎子毒液会激活家鼠(以及其它许多哺乳动物)而不是食蝗小鼠的NaV1.7。在进行更仔细地观察之后,研究人员发现,食蝗小鼠的NaV1.8通道含有某些可与树皮蝎毒素结合的氨基酸变异株并能抑制附近包括NaV1.7的钠通道。
研究人员说,实际上,将该食蝗小鼠独特的防御机制与裸鼹鼠的防御机制进行比较,裸鼹鼠的机制使其能抵御疼痛水平的二氧化碳,该树皮蝎毒液似乎能暂时性地麻醉食蝗小鼠而使其不会感受所有类型的疼痛。
一篇由Gary Lewin撰写的《观点栏目》文章更为详细地解释了这些发现及其在临床上的一些意义,突显了诸多制药公司希望能够生产出新的止痛药品的愿望,而且他们希望这种新药品能够像树皮蝎毒素在食蝗小鼠身上那样起到同样的作用:即防止疼痛。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐的英文摘要
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1236451
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel in Grasshopper Mice Defends Against Bark Scorpion Toxin
Ashlee H. Rowe1,Yucheng Xiao2,Matthew P. Rowe3,Theodore R. Cummins2, Harold H. Zakon1,4
Painful venoms are used to deter predators. Pain itself, however, can signal damage and thus serves an important adaptive function. Evolution to reduce general pain responses, although valuable for preying on venomous species, is rare, likely because it comes with the risk of reduced response to tissue damage. Bark scorpions capitalize on the protective pain pathway of predators by inflicting intensely painful stings. However, grasshopper mice regularly attack and consume bark scorpions, grooming only briefly when stung. Bark scorpion venom induces pain in many mammals (house mice, rats, humans) by activating the voltage-gated Na+ channel Nav1.7, but has no effect on Nav1.8. Grasshopper mice Nav1.8 has amino acid variants that bind bark scorpion toxins and inhibit Na+ currents, blocking action potential propagation and inducing analgesia. Thus, grasshopper mice have solved the predator-pain problem by using a toxin bound to a nontarget channel to block transmission of the pain signals the venom itself is initiating.