多倍化是植物中的一个普遍现象,其在被子植物多样性的产生和维持中发挥着重要的作用。近期研究表明,所有被子植物在其进化历史过程中都经历了多倍化的过程。和祖先二被体相比,多倍体在一些重要性状上都产生了显著差异,如繁育系统、生态忍耐性、生长速率、传粉者、植食动物、适应性等,这些差异可能对植物的遗传变异、生活史、生理特性、地理分布等产生影响,从而使多倍体能适应不同的环境,分布到更广的范围,并和二倍体祖先产生生殖隔离,因此多倍化是植物产生适应辐射和物种形成的重要机制。
毛姜花
姜科毛姜花(Hedychium villosum Wallich in Roxburgh)为1820年发表的新种,70多年后的1892年,发表了其变种小毛姜花(H. villosum var. tenuiflorum Wallich ex Baker),原毛姜花作为原变种来处理为H. villosum var. villosum,2变种的分类标准在于原变种的小苞片、花冠裂片、侧生退化雄蕊和唇瓣都比小毛姜花的大,原变种广泛分布于印度、缅甸、尼泊尔、柬埔寨、泰国、越南和我国的广东、海南、广西、云南,而小毛姜花仅记载分布于印度和我国云南的西双版纳地区。
中科院西双版纳热带植物园研究人员近期的研究表明,小毛姜花为二倍体(2n=34),而毛姜花为四倍体(2n=68),虽然2个变种的花在形态上没有差异,但四倍体毛姜花的植株、叶和花都显著大于二倍体小毛姜花。2个变种具有完全不同的地理分布范围和生境,四倍体毛姜花在我国广泛分布于海南、广东、广西、云南和西藏,具有多样化的生境,而二倍体小毛姜花仅分布于西双版纳石灰山一带的狭窄区域,附生于山顶的岩石上。同时,四倍体毛姜花花期为2月底至4月初,而二倍体小毛姜花为9月底至11月中旬,完全实现了生殖隔离。因此,科研人员也建议把2个变种作为2个独立的种,分别处理为毛姜花H. villosum和小毛姜花H. tenuiflorum (Bak.) K. Schum.(Fei Yu et al., 2010)。在对2个种的繁殖生态学研究中发现,2个种在花寿命、开花时间、传粉者、繁育系统等方面产生了显著差异,四倍体毛姜花具有较长的花寿命,分泌较多的花蜜,每个花序具有较多的花和更多种类的传粉者;二倍体小毛姜花为自交不亲和,而四倍体毛姜花则是完全自交亲和。多倍化使得四倍体毛姜花能够占领新的生境,分布到更广的范围。多倍化在姜花属植物从热带地区到高海拔地区的扩散分布中也许起到重要作用。
相关研究结果以The comparative reproductive biology of a tetraploid species, Hedychium villosum, and its diploid progenitor H. tenuiflorum (Zingiberaceae)为题发表在Plant Biology上(生物谷Bioon.com)。
生物谷推荐的英文摘要
Plant Biology DOI: 10.1111/plb.12080
The comparative reproductive biology of a tetraploid species, Hedychium villosum, and its diploid progenitor H. tenuiflorum (Zingiberaceae)
J. Y. Gao*, Q. Liu, Q. J. Li
The evolutionary advantages of polyploidy may result from a number of changes in floral traits and breeding system, which may enable polyploids to exploit new habitats and become widespread. In this study, we comparatively investigated the floral biology of the tetraploid species Hedychium villosum and its diploid progenitor H. tenuiflorum, to assess reproductive divergence between the two species. The results showed that flowers of the tetraploid species last longer and produce more nectar than did diploid species. The flowering times of the two species did not overlap at all. Observations of floral visitors in natural populations demonstrated that butterflies and hawkmoths were effective pollinators of both species, but there was a significant difference in butterfly and hawkmoth assemblages between the two species. The hand-pollination experiments and pollen tube growth experiments suggested that diploid H. tenuiflorum was self-incompatible, while tetraploid H. villosum was completely self-compatible. H. villosum has a much wider distribution range and occupies more diverse habitats than H. tenuiflorum. Polyploidisation may enable tetraploid H. villosum to exploit new habitats previously unavailable to diploid H. tenuiflorum.