近日,国际著名杂志PLoS One在线刊登了诺丁汉大学研究人员的最新研究成果“Twenty Thousand-Year-Old Huts at a Hunter-Gatherer Settlement in Eastern Jordan,”,文章中,作者揭示史前人类的群居生活。
约旦沙漠的史前建筑的发现为揭示人类在两万年前如何生活提供了新的证据。
诺丁汉大学研究人员参与的考古小组在约旦东部发现了这个古木屋结构。这一发现表明,该地区一度被占领,其建造物可以追溯到两万年前,大大早于我们所知的建筑的起源时间。
这支考古小组的成员来自英国,丹麦,美国和约旦。其描述了狩猎者们长期使用的家庭木屋,并且许多行为都与后来的文化和社区相关,例如与特定地区的联系和向外扩张的社交网络,都比之前认为的还要早一万年。
诺丁汉大学地理学家Matt Jones博士和伦敦大学学院的同行们提出,尽管今天该地区是不同于以往的干旱和贫瘠,约旦在最后的冰河期鲜花盛开,小溪潺潺,季节性的湖泊和池塘为狩猎者提供了丰富的定居环境。
Jones博士说:“很难想象两万年前人们在这个如今如此干燥和荒凉的地方大规模地群居。我们所发现的证据显示,重要的资源,比方说水,对于早期的人类来说是一应俱全。”
考古学家们利用从英国艺术和人文科学研究理事会申请到的赞助,花费三个月时间在占地两公顷的大型露天遗址进行挖掘工作。他们发现了成千上万的石器,动物尸骨和kharaneh四世遗址的出土文物。在遗址的大小和密度的基础上,研究人员早前认为这是众多的人长时间频繁造访的结果,而现在这些最新的研究结果证实了他们的理论。
到现在为止,考古小组已经出土了两间约两到三米长,用刷木构造的小屋。其余几间还被埋在沙漠下。放射性碳测年估计这些小屋有着18,600到19,300年的历史。虽然考古学家们发现这个地区最古老的小屋-在1989年加利利海岸边出土的23,000年前的土屋,他们相信在Kharaneh IV遗址的出土文物也同样有着重要的价值。
在木屋里,考古学家们发现了故意烧毁的羚羊角内核,赭红色颜料和从250公里外的地中海和红海冲刷来的贝壳珠。这表明当时人们与当地有着紧密的互动并进行远距离的物物交换。其他考古发现还包括刻有规律阴刻线的骨头,有几何雕刻图案的石灰石,甚至还有证明当时人类在此地区埋葬过世的人的证据。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031447
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Twenty Thousand-Year-Old Huts at a Hunter-Gatherer Settlement in Eastern Jordan
Lisa A. Maher1*, Tobias Richter2, Danielle Macdonald3, Matthew D. Jones4, Louise Martin5, Jay T. Stock6
Ten thousand years before Neolithic farmers settled in permanent villages, hunter-gatherer groups of the Epipalaeolithic period (c. 22–11,600 cal BP) inhabited much of southwest Asia. The latest Epipalaeolithic phase (Natufian) is well-known for the appearance of stone-built houses, complex site organization, a sedentary lifestyle and social complexity—precursors for a Neolithic way of life. In contrast, pre-Natufian sites are much less well known and generally considered as campsites for small groups of seasonally-mobile hunter-gatherers. Work at the Early and Middle Epipalaeolithic aggregation site of Kharaneh IV in eastern Jordan highlights that some of these earlier sites were large aggregation base camps not unlike those of the Natufian and contributes to ongoing debates on their duration of occupation. Here we discuss the excavation of two 20,000-year-old hut structures at Kharaneh IV that pre-date the renowned stone houses of the Natufian. Exceptionally dense and extensive occupational deposits exhibit repeated habitation over prolonged periods, and contain structural remains associated with exotic and potentially symbolic caches of objects (shell, red ochre, and burnt horn cores) that indicate substantial settlement of the site pre-dating the Natufian and outside of the Natufian homeland as currently understood.