大约在30亿年前,地球上只有一个名为“最后普遍共同祖先(LUCA)”的生物。它形态庞大,是一种史无前例的巨大生物,填充了地球上的所有海洋。随后它分裂为三个部分,最终诞生了今天地球上所有生命的祖先。
科学家最新的研究成果显示,LUCA是早期生命努力生存的结果。
在数百万年的时间内,LUCA试图将海洋转变为全球基因交换工厂。试图努力存活下来的细胞在无竞争环境下相互交换有用物质,有效地创造出覆盖全球的巨大生物。
约29亿年前,LUCA分裂成三种不同的生命形态:单细胞细菌、原始细菌以及能够演变为动物和植物的更为复杂的真核细胞。要想知道在分裂之前发生了什么很困难。那个时代几乎没有留下任何化石遗迹,任何能追溯到那个年代的基因可能均已发生无法辨认的变异。
伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-尚佩恩分校的古斯塔沃·卡埃塔诺-阿诺勒说,要描绘LUCA的样貌并不存在什么无法克服的困难。尽管基因序列的变化十分迅速,但基因编码形成蛋白质的三维结构却更能经受得住时间的考验。他说,如果现存所有生物都产生一种大致结构相同的蛋白质,那么在LUCA中存在这种蛋白质结构的可能性就很大。他将这种结构称作活化石,并且指出由于蛋白质功能非常依赖其结构,这些活化石能够告诉我们LUCA能做什么。
为重建LUCA能够产生的蛋白质集合,卡埃塔诺-阿诺勒在一个包含420种现代生物蛋白质的数据库中搜索,寻找全部类别蛋白质共同具有的结构。根据他寻找到的结构,只有5%至11%的结构具有普遍性,这意味着它们保存了足够多源于LUCA的结构。
德国奥斯纳布吕克大学的阿芒·米尔基贾尼安说:“有充分论述支持(这种巨大生物)共享基因、酶和代谢物。”在只能生存在混合族群中的微生物族群里还能看到这种基因交换系统的痕迹。(生物谷Bioon.com)
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Life began with a planetary mega-organism
Hiroyasu Yamamoto, Evan G. Williams, Laurent Mouchiroud, Carles Cantó, Weiwei Fan, Michael Downes, Christophe Héligon, Grant D. Barish, Béatrice Desvergne, Ronald M. Evans et al.
ONCE upon a time, 3 billion years ago, there lived a single organism called LUCA. It was enormous: a mega-organism like none seen since, it filled the planet's oceans before splitting into three and giving birth to the ancestors of all living things on Earth today.This strange picture is emerging from efforts to pin down the last universal common ancestor - not the first life that emerged on Earth but the life form that gave rise to all others.The latest results suggest LUCA was the result of early life's fight to survive, attempts at which turned the ocean into a global genetic swap shop for hundreds of millions of years. Cells struggling to survive on their own exchanged useful parts with each other without competition - effectively creating a global megaorganism.It was around 2.9 billion years ago that LUCA split into the three domains of life: the single-celled bacteria and archaea, and the more complex eukaryotes that gave rise to animals and plants (see timeline). It's hard to know what happened before the split. Hardly any fossil evidence remains from this time, and any genes that date that far back are likely to have mutated beyond recognition.