一项新的研究报告表明,大鼠的幼兽与人类的婴儿都是通过同一个运动神经元链的指令来学习行走的。
这些发现表明,人类和其它动物的运动都进化自某个共同的祖先神经网络。科学家们倾向于将神经的相互作用想象为电子电路。这些模型凸显了个体神经元是如何应用电信号来相互联络的,或具有不同功能的相互连接的神经元组是如何相互发送信息的。
Nadia Dominici及其在意大利和美国的同事将幼儿、学龄前儿童和成年人的在走路时由20种不同的骨骼肌产生的电活动与一个新生儿的“反射性行走”进行了比较。(一个婴儿在被维持在直立状态并沿着某个表面移动时会尝试迈出步子。)
文章的作者发现,在新生儿中,脊髓神经元会在两个时期被激活:控制腿的弯曲与伸展的时期及控制腿交替向前移动的时期。
幼童的更为成熟的神经回路需要4个时期。除了弯曲和伸展之外,另外两个时期控制着诸如告诉足尖在腿开始弯曲之前抬离地面等行走时的细微的方面。
随着幼童年龄的增长,这一4-时期的模式变得日益增强。研究人员在大鼠、猫、猴子和珍珠鸡中都观察到了惊人相似的神经回路。
结果表明,在幼童的独立运动阶段之后,人类的发育似乎偏离了其它动物的发育模式,这也许是为了适应诸如伸手够取和握紧物体等复杂的手臂动作。尽管直立、双足行走将人类与动物王国区分开来,并成为人类进化中的一个关键性事件,但这一研究表明,自然不会因为偏爱一种全新的设计布局而抛弃旧的装备,而是会保留运动功能的某些方面。一则相关的《观点栏目》对这些发现以及它们对理解人类运动进化根源的意义进行了解释。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1126/science.1210617
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Locomotor Primitives in Newborn Babies and Their Development
Nadia Dominici, Yuri P. Ivanenko, Germana Cappellini, Andrea d’Avella, Vito Mondì, Marika Cicchese, Adele Fabiano, Tiziana Silei, Ambrogio Di Paolo, Carlo Giannini, Richard E. Poppele, Francesco Lacquaniti
How rudimentary movements evolve into sophisticated ones during development remains unclear. It is often assumed that the primitive patterns of neural control are suppressed during development, replaced by entirely new patterns. Here we identified the basic patterns of lumbosacral motoneuron activity from multimuscle recordings in stepping neonates, toddlers, preschoolers, and adults. Surprisingly, we found that the two basic patterns of stepping neonates are retained through development, augmented by two new patterns first revealed in toddlers. Markedly similar patterns were observed also in the rat, cat, macaque, and guineafowl, consistent with the hypothesis that, despite substantial phylogenetic distances and morphological differences, locomotion in several animal species is built starting from common primitives, perhaps related to a common ancestral neural network.