大约2.5亿年前,地球上海洋生命的95%、陆地生命的70%惨遭厄运,科学界称之为“二叠纪灭绝”。这次灭绝究竟是什么原因造成的呢?加拿大卡尔加里大学的研究人员认为他们现在找到了问题的答案,其原因是大规模的火山爆发导致海量的碳燃烧,由此产生的有毒烟雾云对全球陆地和海洋产生了巨大而广泛的影响。
加拿大自然资源委员会科学家、卡尔加里大学地球科学系客座教授史蒂夫·格拉斯比及其同事在加拿大北极区域的灭绝时代生成的岩石中找到了煤烟灰层,他们认为这个证据可以直接证明他们所解释的大灭绝原因。相关研究文章发表在最新出版的《自然·地球科学》杂志上。
与发生在6500万年前、目前普遍认为陨石撞击至少是部分原因的恐龙灭绝不同,“二叠纪灭绝”发生的原因人类至今仍然不尽清楚。过去有研究人员推测,西伯利亚的火山喷发时经过了煤床,产生了巨大数量的温室气体,造成了全球气候“脱缰野马式”的巨大变化。
研究小组对他们所找到的含有特殊有机层的岩石进行了分析,发现岩层中含有大量有机物质,因此立即确认是煤灰层,其与目前发电厂所产生的煤灰别无二致。
格拉斯比认为,他们的研究成果首次给出了大规模火山爆发的直接证据。那次的火山爆发是有史以来地球上最大的一次,导致了大规模的碳燃烧,并产生了大量的温室气体。
在大灭绝当时,地球上只有一片巨大的陆地,陆地上有沙漠也有森林。四肢脊椎动物的种类正变得越来越多,其中有原始的两栖类动物、早期的爬虫动物等,这类动物组最终还包括哺乳动物。
而被称为“西伯利亚陷阱”的火山群位于俄罗斯北部,周围的城市有图拉、雅库兹克、伊尔库茨克等,该火山群的区域面积有200万平方公里。火山灰最后落在了加拿大北极区域,就是研究小组目前找到煤灰层的地方。
研究小组认为,伴随着气温升高,海洋里氧气浓度下降,这些煤灰在当时给地球增加了更多的麻烦。格拉斯比形容,当时地球环境相当恶劣,除了火山导致大量的煤燃烧外,煤灰的毒性很大,分布在陆地和海洋,到处都是。加科学家推断这是地球历史上生命最惨重灭绝的最可能原因。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Nature Geoscience doi:10.1038/ngeo1069
Catastrophic dispersion of coal fly ash into oceans during the latest Permian extinction
Stephen E. Grasby,Hamed Sanei& Benoit Beauchamp
During the latest Permian extinction about 250?Myr ago, more than 90% of marine species went extinct, and biogeochemical cycles were disrupted globally1. The cause of the disruption is unclear, but a link between the eruption of the Siberian Trap flood basalts and the extinction has been suggested on the basis of the rough coincidence of the two events2, 3. The flood basalt volcanism released CO2. In addition, related thermal metamorphism of Siberian coal measures and organic-rich shales led to the emission of methane, which would have affected global climate and carbon cycling, according to model simulations2, 3, 4, 5, 6. This scenario is supported by evidence for volcanic eruptions and gas release in the Siberian Tunguska Basin6, but direct indicators of coal combustion have not been detected. Here we present analyses of terrestrial carbon in marine sediments that suggest a substantial amount of char was deposited in Permian aged rocks from the Canadian High Arctic immediately before the mass extinction. Based on the geochemistry and petrology of the char, we propose that the char was derived from the combustion of Siberian coal and organic-rich sediments by flood basalts, which was then dispersed globally. The char is remarkably similar to modern coal fly ash, which can create toxic aquatic conditions when released as slurries. We therefore speculate that the global distribution of ash could have created toxic marine conditions.