一项最新研究显示,现今生存的豹和老虎都是独居食肉性动物,但是现已灭绝的剑齿虎很可能是群居动物,它们像现今狮子的生活方式和猎食方法相同。
剑齿虎以其特别长的犬齿而著名,这种锋利的牙齿可达到7英寸长,从上颌一直沿伸至下颌。虽然它通常被称为剑齿虎,但实际从物种亲缘角度上,它们并不与现今的老虎接近,剑齿虎属于一种不同的亚科物种。然而,它们的体型很大,拥有强壮的肌肉,体形大小与现今的老虎差不多。
来自美国加州大学洛杉矶分校和伦敦动物学学会的科学家们推断剑齿虎是一种群居性动物,他们采用了一种独特新颖的方法:记录非洲野生食肉动物猎食时的数量密度比例,与北美洲骨骼化石堆中的灭绝食肉物种进行对比分析。
距今180万至1万年前,剑齿虎生活在北美和南美洲地区,在美国洛杉矶拉布雷亚沥青坑里发现许多剑齿龙骨骼化石,依据一处骨骼化石堆可呈现当年食肉动物围猎的一幕:食草动物陷入粘性沥青池中,已奄奄一息,此时吸引了许多饥饿的狼和剑齿龙,但其中一些剑齿虎和狼也陷入沥青池中丧命。
由于现今的老虎及一些猫科动物都是独居,因此科学家提出远古剑齿虎是群居物种的观点遭到了一些研究人员的置疑。目前,这项研究发表在10月28日出版的《生物学快报》上,研究报告中将拉布雷亚沥青坑堆积的骨骼化石数量与非洲的“野外录音”数据进行了对比。这段“野外录音”录制了被猎食动物悲伤的叫声以及狮子和鬣狗的声音,重复播放该段录音吸引食肉动物。通过这种方法科学家评估了非洲东部和南部食肉动物的密度。
重复播放录音结果显示,从食肉物种之间群体大小对比的角度来讲,大型群体食肉动物占被录音吸引动物的比例超过之前的预想。事实上,大型群体食肉动物出现的数量密度是之前预想的60倍。当这项结果与拉布雷亚沥青坑的骨骼化石进行对比,科学家发现剑齿虎的数量比例符合播放录音所获得的大型群体食肉动物的比例。
加州大学洛杉矶分校生态学和进化生物学教授布莱尔·范·瓦尔肯博(Blaire Van Valkenburgh)说,“无论是过去还是现在的自然界,这项研究都可以完全解释群居物种对于瓜分猎物具有支配优势。为什么它们在可能遭遇危险竞争者的状况下不多几个同类帮手呢?”
伦敦动物学学会资深研究员克莉丝·卡蓬(Chris Carbone)说,“现已灭绝的剑齿虎仍有许多未解之谜,我们几乎对它们的生活习性一无所知。这项研究让我们通过现代食肉动物的习性推断出灭绝的剑齿虎的特征——它们成群地生活在一起,以群体方式进行捕猎,而不是隐藏起来过着独居生活。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Biology Letters 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0526
Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon
Chris Carbone1, Tom Maddox1, Paul J. Funston2, Michael G.L. Mills3, Gregory F. Grether4, Blaire Van Valkenburgh4
1 Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
2 Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa
3 The Tony and Lisette Lewis Foundation and Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa
4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
Inferences concerning the lives of extinct animals are difficult to obtain from the fossil record. Here we present a novel approach to the study of extinct carnivores, using a comparison between fossil records (n=3324) found in Late Pleistocene tar seeps at Rancho La Brea in North America and counts (n=4491) from playback experiments used to estimate carnivore abundance in Africa. Playbacks and tar seep deposits represent competitive, potentially dangerous encounters where multiple predators are lured by dying herbivores. Consequently, in both records predatory mammals and birds far outnumber herbivores. In playbacks, two large social species, lions, Panthera leo, and spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta, actively moved towards the sounds of distressed prey and made up 84 per cent of individuals attending. Small social species (jackals) were next most common and solitary species of all sizes were rare. In the La Brea record, two species dominated, the presumably social dire wolf Canis dirus (51%), and the sabretooth cat Smilodon fatalis (33%). As in the playbacks, a smaller social canid, the coyote Canis latrans, was third most common (8%), and known solitary species were rare (<4%). The predominance of Smilodon and other striking similarities between playbacks and the fossil record support the conclusion that Smilodon was social.