据美国生活科学网报道,研究人员声称,印度采石场煤矿发现松鼠般大小的远古灵长目物种的牙齿化石表明——这是一种生活在近5500万年前的物种,它们以茂密雨林中丰富的昆虫为主要食物。
杜克大学进化人类学家理查德·凯说,“你可以将所发现的4颗牙齿放置在铅笔的末端上,它们的确很小。”这种小型远古灵长目物种被称为“Anthrasimias gujaratensis”,它是从亚洲灵长目物种一直延续进化至1000万年前,并表现出最古老的亚洲类人猿特征。例如,它们不同于狐猴,它的两只眼睛向面部前方运动,实现了两种视野的交迭。
之前的骨骼化石证据显示5500万年前灵长目动物生活在北美洲、欧洲和亚洲,但是研究人员称直到目前为止,亚洲类人猿的化石记录仅能延伸至4500万年前。这项研究报告发表在美国《国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。理查德称,目前发现的这种动物可能是迄今世界上最古老的类人猿物种。这暗示着一项事实——许多科学家认为,在摩洛哥石灰石沉积中发现的微型远古灵长目骨骼化石很可能来自一种类人猿。
纽约州立大学石溪分校脊椎动物古生物学家埃里克·塞弗特指出,这项最新研究并未完全确切地证实Anthrasimias gujaratensis作为一种原始类人猿存在于亚洲。他说,“我认为这项骨骼化石证实了大量可靠的线索,原始类人猿早期存在于亚洲。我们对于这项研究充满了信心,并得出结论我们需要更多该远古灵长类物种的骨骼化石证据,进行深入细致的分析。比如,头盖骨、肢体骨骼、手和脚的骨骼等。”
研究人员使用附近已知年代岩石层中显微海洋浮游生物化石,计算这些牙齿化石所关联的物种是在什么时期生活以及如何进食。为了重建这一物种的食物结构,他们将牙齿化石与现代一些灵长目物种的牙齿进行了对比,其中包括:侏儒狐猴、眼镜猴和懒猴。
牙齿的大小和外型表明这种远古灵长目物种大约只有2.6盎司(75克)重,其纤小的体型与侏儒狐猴非常相似。理查德说,“我们从牙齿化石可以推断这种远古物种很可能主要是食虫性动物,它们吃大量的昆虫。”据了解,这项最新研究是由印度政府科学技术部、美国杜克大学和美国国家科学基金会资助进行的。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
PNAS,doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804159105,Sunil Bajpai,Richard F. Kay
The oldest Asian record of Anthropoidea
Sunil Bajpai*, Richard F. Kay†,‡, Blythe A. Williams‡, Debasis P. Das*, Vivesh V. Kapur§, and B. N. Tiwari¶
+Author Affiliations
*Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667, India;
‡Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
§2815 Sector 40-C Chandigarh, India; and
¶Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, 248001, India
Edited by Alan Walker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved June 19, 2008 (received for review May 2, 2008)
Abstract
Undisputed anthropoids appear in the fossil record of Africa and Asia by the middle Eocene, about 45 Ma. Here, we report the discovery of an early Eocene eosimiid anthropoid primate from India, named Anthrasimias, that extends the Asian fossil record of anthropoids by 9–10 million years. A phylogenetic analysis of 75 taxa and 343 characters of the skull, postcranium, and dentition of Anthrasimias and living and fossil primates indicates the basal placement of Anthrasimias among eosimiids, confirms the anthropoid status of Eosimiidae, and suggests that crown haplorhines (tarsiers and monkeys) are the sister clade of Omomyoidea of the Eocene, not nested within an omomyoid clade. Co-occurence of Anthropoidea, Omomyoidea, and Adapoidea makes it evident that peninsular India was an important center for the diversification of primates of modern aspect (euprimates) in the early Eocene. Adaptive reconstructions indicate that early anthropoids were mouse–lemur-sized (≈75 grams) and consumed a mixed diet of fruit and insects. Eosimiids bear little adaptive resemblance to later Eocene-early Oligocene African Anthropoidea.