生物谷报道:鱼类皮肤发出的明亮的金属光泽往往是养鱼的人的一个乐趣之源。现在,来自以色列的研究人员解开了鱼类金属光泽之谜。这种光泽市由于一种复杂的晶体系统能够增强反光,并且帮助鱼类在自然环境中躲避捕食者的追捕。这项研究的结果刊登在新一期的Crystal Growth & Desigh杂志上。
在这项新研究中,Lia Addadi和同事指出,研究人员在多年前已经知道鱼类皮肤中的鸟嘌呤晶体反射光线,从而产生了金属光泽。
这种银色的光反射是一种伪装,有助于保护鱼在游近水表面时躲避捕食者。但是,这些鸟嘌呤晶体的确切形状以及它们如何工作仍然是一个谜。
研究人员从日本Koi鱼的皮肤中抽提出鸟嘌呤晶体,并利用X射线衍射和电子显微镜对晶体进行了分析。
他们发现,这种生物制造的晶体与一种与实验室制造的晶体所不同的意外方向形成,并且他们独特的形状能够提高对光的反射力。这种晶体的排列方式是鱼类的一种进化策略,以使它们能够制造出更有效的光子晶体。
生物谷推荐原始出处:
ASAP Cryst. Growth Des., ASAP Article, 10.1021/cg0704753
Web Release Date: January 5, 2008
Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society
Biogenic Guanine Crystals from the Skin of Fish May Be Designed to Enhance Light Reflectance
Avital Levy-Lior,‡ Boaz Pokroy,† Berta Levavi-Sivan,‡ Leslie Leiserowitz,‡ Steve Weiner,‡ and Lia Addadi‡*
Departments of Structural Biology and Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and the Department of Materials Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel, and the Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Received May 24, 2007
Revised October 14, 2007
Abstract
The metallic luster from the skin of fish is due to a photonic crystal system composed of multilayer stacks of cytoplasm and crystals. The crystals are described as thin (50−100 nm) plates of guanine, with no reference to their hydration state. We established through X-ray diffraction that their crystal structure is that of anhydrous guanine. We noted that their crystal structure-function relationship is exceptional compared to other purines with similar molecular stacking of the crystal structure. These elongate in the direction of molecular stacking, in contrast to the biogenic anhydrous guanine crystals whose smallest dimension is in the stacking direction. On the basis of the known crystal structure of anhydrous guanine, theoretical growth morphology was calculated. These calculations predict crystals elongated in the direction of the molecular stacking. The exposed molecular plane of the biogenic crystals is the (102) plane, which is composed of densely packed H-bonded guanine molecules. It is known that the in-plane polarizability of guanine molecules is significantly higher than the direction perpendicular to the molecular plane, most likely causing anisotropy of the crystals refractive index. It is therefore conceivable that the unique morphology observed in crystals from the skin of fish is designed to enhance their light reflective properties.
相关新闻:
诱拐雌性的雄鱼基因被发现
在新一期的BMC Biology杂志上发表的一项研究显示,雄性鲷鱼(cichlid fish)的一种基因进化出了引诱雌鱼以使雄鱼能将精子储存在雌鱼嘴里的特殊功能。
这项研究揭示出,这个基因与鲷鱼鱼鳍上的类卵标记有关。研究还揭示出了这些标记的进化历史,而这种标记则是这种鱼怪异的口交成功的核心。
德国Konstanz大学的研究人员饲养了19种鲷鱼,并且鉴定出一种与在鱼鳍的椭圆斑点中产生黄色细胞的基因。这些被称为卵模拟物的标记存在于雄鱼的臀鳍上。这种鱼是所谓的母亲口育鱼(在口腔中繁育幼仔的鱼)。一旦雌鱼生出鱼卵,它就会将卵放进它的嘴巴里。雌鱼会被雄鱼鱼鳍上的类似卵的标记所吸引,然后雌鱼就会接近雄鱼。当雌鱼类靠近雄鱼的臀鳍时,雄鱼类会将精子排到雌鱼口中,进而受精卵子。
鲷鱼是一类包括罗非鱼和天使鱼的鱼属。在东非大约有1800多种鲷鱼,并且其中80%属于丽鱼类(haplochromines),其特征就是有类似卵的图案。
这种与产生能模拟卵的色斑有关的基因叫做colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor a (csf1ra)。研究人员还证实,这种基因在一种亲缘关系较远的种的模拟卵中也发生了表达,而在这种鱼中的色斑不是出现在臀鳍而是在胸鳍位置。
这两种独立的模拟卵能够作为检测相同的基因途径是否与模拟形态类型有关的一种模型系统。