抑癌基因是一类抑制细胞过度生长、增殖从而遏制肿瘤形成的基因。对于正常细胞,调控生长的基因(如原癌基因等)和调控抑制生长的基因(如抑癌基因等)的协调表达是调节控制细胞生长的重要分子机制之一。目前定论的抑癌基因有10余种,p53基因就是其中较为出名的一个,由于p53蛋白在维持细胞正常生长、抑制恶性增殖中起着重要作用,因而被冠以“基因卫士”称号。
来自哥伦比亚大学癌症遗传学研究所,北京大学医学部,贝勒医学院的研究人员揭示了著名抑癌基因p53与ARF作用途径的新机制,并且发现了一种新型酶,阐明了这种酶在p53与ARF作用途径中的作用。这一研究成果公布在Nature杂志上。
在肿瘤胁迫(oncogenic stress)下p53的激活需要一种肿瘤抑制因子:ARF,近期的研究显示p53激活是通过ARF介导的,但是并不是由DNA损伤诱发的,而是针对体内某种生理条件下产生肿瘤生长的主要保护方式,这说明ARF-p53具有比之前预想的更多的基础功能。
ARF也是一种在大多数人类细胞系中非常稳定的细胞因子,科学家们认为ARF主要在转录水平上被诱导表达,并且ARF-p53途径的激活要比p53被DNA损伤激活这一过程慢得多,而且也是不可逆的。
在这篇文章中,研究人员发现ARF在正常人类细胞中非常不稳定,但是在癌细胞中降解被抑制。研究人员通过生物化学纯化,分离出了ARF的一种特殊的泛素酶,并将这种酶命名为ULF,他们发现这种酶在体内和体外都能与ARF作用,促进ARF的降解。ULF敲除实验也证明敲除ULF后,正常细胞中ARF更加稳定了。
进一步的研究还发现NPM和c-Myc这两种癌细胞中常见的过表达蛋白,能抑制ULF介导的ARF泛素化过程,从而促进ARF在癌细胞中的稳定性。这些研究数据揭示了ARF-p53途径的动力学特征,也阐明了在应答肿瘤胁迫过程中,非转录依赖性机制对于ARF调控作用的重要性。
近期p53研究又获得了许多成果,比较引人注目的是来自Dartmouth医学院的研究人员p53具有抑制非二倍体细胞进行有丝分裂的作用。只有当p53失效或是缺失的时候,抑制异倍体有丝分裂的功效停止,导致细胞无限制地复制下去,这样变成癌细胞样细胞。
2008年来自Dartmouth医学院的Sarah Thompson和Duane Compton发现,大部分的染色体不稳定状态下的细胞与错误的染色体着丝粒和有丝分裂纺锤体有关联。正常的细胞在染色体异常分配下会停止有丝分裂,而肿瘤细胞中的异倍体却不会停止有丝分裂,这是什么原因?
Sarah研究小组为了追踪这一真相,通过人工改造人类细胞,在染色体上加上荧光蛋白标记,这样可以观察有丝分裂中这些细胞染色体的分配过程。
他们人为地诱导细胞有丝分裂染色体异常分配,并通过荧光标记来区分正常和异常的细胞,结果发现,正常情况下异倍体的细胞停止分裂。在这些停止分裂的细胞中,发现p53以及相关转录产物p21表达量异常高。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Nature doi:10.1038/nature08820
Transcription-independent ARF regulation in oncogenic stress-mediated p53 responses
Delin Chen1, Jing Shan1, Wei-Guo Zhu2, Jun Qin3 & Wei Gu1
1Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA
2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
3Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
The tumour suppressor ARF is specifically required for p53 activation under oncogenic stress1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Recent studies showed that p53 activation mediated by ARF, but not that induced by DNA damage, acts as a major protection against tumorigenesis in vivo under certain biological settings7, 8, suggesting that the ARF–p53 axis has more fundamental functions in tumour suppression than originally thought. Because ARF is a very stable protein in most human cell lines, it has been widely assumed that ARF induction is mediated mainly at the transcriptional level and that activation of the ARF–p53 pathway by oncogenes is a much slower and largely irreversible process by comparison with p53 activation after DNA damage. Here we report that ARF is very unstable in normal human cells but that its degradation is inhibited in cancerous cells. Through biochemical purification, we identified a specific ubiquitin ligase for ARF and named it ULF. ULF interacts with ARF both in vitro and in vivo and promotes the lysine-independent ubiquitylation and degradation of ARF. ULF knockdown stabilizes ARF in normal human cells, triggering ARF-dependent, p53-mediated growth arrest. Moreover, nucleophosmin (NPM) and c-Myc, both of which are commonly overexpressed in cancer cells, are capable of abrogating ULF-mediated ARF ubiquitylation through distinct mechanisms, and thereby promote ARF stabilization in cancer cells. These findings reveal the dynamic feature of the ARF–p53 pathway and suggest that transcription-independent mechanisms are critically involved in ARF regulation during responses to oncogenic stress.