“研究者通过设计ChR(光敏感通道,藻类中的光控离子通道)的变种来改善其特性,包括来自选择性、动力学以及吸收光谱属性,但是这些途径都有限制,因为缺少了ChR的结构信息。X射线晶体学技术是一种强大的工具可以绘制蛋白质的三维机构图,但是ChRs是一个棘手的目标。”来自东京大学的研究者表示,尽管ChR产量很少,而且不能结晶,但是研究者Kato对一种混合嵌合体蛋白进行了工程技术的操作,这种嵌合体蛋白质含有ChR1密切相关的部分以及来自南极冰藻的ChR2蛋白质。
研究者使用X射线晶体衍射技术来产生完整的ChR光感部分的高清晰结构(如图所示),这种结构揭示了带正电荷离子的路径可以通过细胞膜进行转移,这就解决了分子生物学家之间的争论。细胞外部大的外前庭结构可以提供一个与负电荷离子连接的路径,这将使得正电荷离子成功进入小孔内部。当ChR失活时,这种小孔就会被阻塞,但是全波长照明可以引发一系列的质子传递,可以消除蛋白质的阻塞,并且使得离子成功通过;一系列的突变实验也可以为这种机制提供支持。
这种途径上的详细结构信息可以为设计携带离子选择性的ChR的精确原理提供线索,研究者目前正在努力寻找某些靶点蛋白,并且通过研究来获得ChR的附加结构这将为其功能模型提供进一步的确认。相关研究成果刊登在了国际杂志Nature上。(生物谷Bioon.com)
编译自:Algal proteins light the way
编译者:T.Shen
doi:10.1038/nature10870
PMC:
PMID:
Crystal structure of the channelrhodopsin light-gated cation channel
Hideaki E. Kato, Feng Zhang, Ofer Yizhar, Charu Ramakrishnan, Tomohiro Nishizawa, Kunio Hirata, Jumpei Ito, Yusuke Aita, Tomoya Tsukazaki, Shigehiko Hayashi, Peter Hegemann, Andrés D. Maturana, Ryuichiro Ishitani, Karl Deisseroth & Osamu Nureki
Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation channels derived from algae that have shown experimental utility in optogenetics; for example, neurons expressing ChRs can be optically controlled with high temporal precision within systems as complex as freely moving mammals. Although ChRs have been broadly applied to neuroscience research, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which these unusual and powerful proteins operate. Here we present the crystal structure of a ChR (a C1C2 chimaera between ChR1 and ChR2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) at 2.3 Å resolution. The structure reveals the essential molecular architecture of ChRs, including the retinal-binding pocket and cation conduction pathway. This integration of structural and electrophysiological analyses provides insight into the molecular basis for the remarkable function of ChRs, and paves the way for the precise and principled design of ChR variants with novel properties.